Heartburn is an uncomfortable, burning sensation in the centre of your chest. Often, it occurs soon after eating and feels like the pain is directly behind your breastbone. It’s closely linked to acid reflux and occurs when acid moves from your stomach into your food pipe (oesophagus).  

Usually, the average episode of heartburn lasts between a few minutes and several hours. The symptoms might start off mild and become more severe. 

Most people find heartburn extremely uncomfortable. Understanding what causes heartburn can prevent repeated episodes – letting you take action to avoid potential triggers. So, what gives you heartburn? Let’s find out.

Diet

Food is probably the most important factor causing heartburn. What you eat and drink not only determines your stomach’s acid production but also affects your stomach pressure and relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS). The LOS is the barrier between the stomach and the oesophagus, preventing the backflow of acid.

Certain foods are known to trigger heartburn and indigestion. These include:

• Spicy, fatty, or greasy foods

• Acidic fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, onions, and citrus

• Coffee and other sources of caffeine, including chocolate

• Alcohol

• Carbonated drinks

• Peppermint or spearmint

In addition to these foods, your dietary pattern makes a difference. Eating a large meal will increase your stomach pressure and boost acid production. This often leads to reflux symptoms. You’ll also want to avoid lying down immediately after a meal – the lack of gravity can trigger an acidity attack. 

Medication Side Effects 

Acid reflux isn’t always your fault. Often, it happens because of a change beyond our control. If you’ve noticed reflux symptoms after starting a new medication, it could be the culprit. Always speak to your doctor about potential side effects. 

Certain medications are known to either loosen the LOS or trigger the overproduction of stomach acid. Such drugs commonly include: 

• Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Such as ibuprofen and aspirin, which can irritate the stomach lining.  

• Calcium Channel Blockers: Used to treat hypertension; they relax the LOS. 

• Anticholinergics: Used to treat various conditions, including incontinence and depression; they can slow gastrointestinal (GI) motility.  

• Bisphosphonates: Used to improve bone density; they can irritate the oesophagus.  

• Certain Antibiotics: Such as tetracycline and doxycycline, which can irritate the oesophagus.  

• Iron Supplements: Can cause gastric irritation and are associated with reflux in some people.  

• Potassium Supplements: These can irritate the stomach lining.  

• Progesterone: A hormone that can relax the LOS and cause reflux symptoms.  

• Antidepressants: Some antidepressants can affect the oesophageal muscles and GI motility. 

Pregnancy 

Pregnancy increases the pressure in your stomach. As the pregnancy progresses, this pressure can force the LOS to open, increasing the risk of acid reflux. But it’s not just the baby’s growth that causes problems – the increased levels of progesterone and oestrogen further relax the LOS.  

Combined with other factors like medications, poor diet, and tight clothing, pregnancy can lead to some uncomfortable reflux episodes. Your midwife or obstetrician can advise on how to combat this problem. 

Hiatus Hernia 

A hiatus hernia involves part of your stomach entering your chest cavity through a hole in your diaphragm. Instead of the diaphragm helping to close off the LOS, acid and food can now freely backflow into the oesophagus.  

With a hiatus hernia, people often complain of worsening reflux when lying down or bending over. It’s very noticeable. If you suspect a hiatus hernia, you’ll need to undergo several investigations to confirm the problem.  

Smoking 

Smoking irritates your airway and releases carcinogens into your body. These harmful chemicals can increase stomach acid production. Nicotine also relaxes the muscles of your LOS, worsening reflux and heartburn. Quitting smoking could reverse these effects. 

In fact, a 2016 study found that adults who successfully quit smoking saw a 44% reduction in acid reflux symptoms after a year compared to 18.2% of those who did not quit.  

Overweight or Obesity 

Similar to pregnancy, being overweight or obese adds pressure on your stomach. It can force the LOS to open. Eating excessively large portions or over-eating is also a risk factor for a hiatus hernia. Additionally, a diet rich in fatty foods can spark stomach acid production. 

Together, being overweight or obese is a major risk factor for heartburn. 

Stress and Anxiety 

Stress and anxiety increase levels of cortisol in your blood. This stress hormone increases the secretion of stomach acid, causing severe acidity attacks.  

Getting Tested for Acid Reflux  

If you have a heartburn, consider testing for GERD. The definitive method is 24-hour pH monitoring, where a device is inserted into the oesophagus to detect acid. A positive test confirms GERD as the cause of your symptoms. Here at The Functional Gut Clinic, we offer advanced acid reflux testing, providing accurate diagnoses and guidance on treatment. Contact us today to find out more.